TL;DR: A new study from Oxford Population Health found that lifestyle and environmental factors have a much greater impact on health and aging than genetics. Smoking, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and living conditions are the most significant influences on longevity. The study highlights that most of these factors are modifiable, meaning you have the power to improve your health and lifespan through conscious choices.

Your Lifestyle and Environment Matter More Than Your Genes: A New Study on Healthy Aging

Have you ever wondered how much control you really have over your health as you age? A groundbreaking study from Oxford Population Health, published in Nature Medicine, provides compelling evidence that your lifestyle choices and environment play a much bigger role in your long-term health than your genetic makeup.

The Key Findings

Researchers analyzed data from nearly half a million UK Biobank participants to assess how environmental and genetic factors influence aging, disease development, and premature death. The results were eye-opening:

• Environmental factors explained 17% of the variation in risk of death, while genetic predisposition accounted for less than 2%.
• Of the 25 key environmental factors identified, smoking, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and living conditions had the most significant impact.
• Smoking was linked to 21 diseases.
• Socioeconomic factors (income, home ownership, employment) were associated with 19 diseases.
• Walking regularly influenced 17 diseases and is a simple yet effective habit.
• 23 of the 25 identified factors are modifiable, meaning they can be changed to improve health outcomes.

According to Professor Cornelia van Duijn, senior author of the study, “Our research demonstrates the profound health impact of exposures that can be changed either by individuals or through policies to improve socioeconomic conditions, reduce smoking, or promote physical activity.”

Early Life Factors Shape Your Future Health

One of the most striking findings was that early life exposures, such as body weight at 10 years old and maternal smoking during pregnancy, could influence aging and mortality risk 30 to 80 years later. This highlights the importance of a healthy start in life and long-term preventive measures.

“The early life exposures are particularly important as they show that environmental factors accelerate aging early in life but leave ample opportunity to prevent long-lasting diseases and early death,” says Professor van Duijn.

The Role of an ‘Aging Clock’

The study introduced a unique tool called an aging clock, which measures biological age based on blood protein levels. This allowed researchers to see how different environmental exposures impact biological aging and predict early mortality.

Dr. Austin Argentieri, lead author of the study, explains, “Our exposome approach allowed us to quantify the relative contributions of the environment and genetics to aging, providing the most comprehensive overview to date of the environmental and lifestyle factors driving aging and premature death.”

The Most Influential Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

While genetics do play a role in some diseases (such as dementia and breast cancer), lifestyle and environmental factors overwhelmingly influence aging and mortality risk.

Here are the most impactful ones:

Environmental Factors:

1. Household income & socioeconomic status
2. Home ownership & employment status
3. Living conditions (e.g., air pollution, housing quality)

Lifestyle Factors:

• Smoking (linked to the highest number of diseases)
• Physical activity (reduces risk for 17 diseases)
• Foods that help lower blood pressure, such as leafy greens and berries, play a crucial role in cardiovascular health.
• Foods that cleanse your arteries naturally, like avocados and fatty fish, help reduce plaque buildup and support heart function.
• Top prebiotic foods like garlic, onions, and bananas nourish beneficial gut bacteria, improving gut health and digestion.
• Top probiotic foods, such as yogurt and kefir, support a balanced microbiome, enhancing immune function and digestion. There’s so many benefits to taking a probiotic daily!
• Amount of sleep
• Going to the gym at least once a week
• Engaging in activities like dancing and yoga. Yes, you can dance your way to better brain health, improving cognitive function and reducing stress.

Interestingly, the study did not analyze diet due to limitations in available data, but researchers believe it likely plays a crucial role in aging and disease prevention.

Health Inequality: Your Zip Code Can Determine Your Lifespan

One of the biggest takeaways from this study is that where and how you live can shape your health more than your DNA.

Professor Bryan Williams, Chief Scientific and Medical Officer at the British Heart Foundation, emphasizes the social impact of these findings: “Your income, postcode, and background shouldn’t determine your chances of living a long and healthy life. But this pioneering study reinforces that this is the reality for far too many people.”

He continues, “We urgently need bold action from the government to target the surmountable barriers to good health that too many people in the UK are facing.”

What This Means for You

While individual lifestyle and environmental factors may each play a small role, their combined effect over a lifetime significantly influences health outcomes. This is actually good news—it means you have control over many aspects of your health.

Here are key steps you can take today based on the research:

1. Quit smoking – The single most impactful modifiable factor.
2. Move more – Even moderate exercise can help you achieve your fitness goals and prevent major diseases.
3. Improve living conditions – Where possible, focus on a cleaner, safer environment.
4. Start young – Parents and educators should prioritize early-life health habits.
5. Incorporate a mind-body cleanse routine to promote mental clarity and overall well-being.

Looking Ahead

While this study provides groundbreaking insights, researchers acknowledge there is still much to learn. Future studies will explore the impact of diet, exposure to environmental toxins (such as pesticides and plastics), and how different populations are affected by these factors.

Professor van Duijn adds, “In an ever-changing environment, it is critical that we combine these techniques with novel advances in smart technology to monitor lifestyle and environment, as well as with biological data, to understand the impact of the environment over time.”

Final Thoughts

This research offers a powerful message: you have more control over your health and aging than you might think. While genetics do play a role in some diseases, the choices you make daily—where you live, what you eat, how active you are, and whether you smoke—carry far more weight.

What’s your takeaway from this study? Does it change how you think about your daily habits? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

Reference:

M. Austin Argentieri, Najaf Amin, Alejo J. Nevado-Holgado, et al. Integrating the environmental and genetic architectures of aging and mortality. Nature Medicine, 2025; DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03483-9